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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Libbitcoin Node Performance</title>
<meta name="description" content="Performance measurements of libbitcoin-server across machines and configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, libsecp256k1, or UltrafastSecp256k1 comparisons.">
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="favicon.svg">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://libbitcoin.info/node-performance.html">
<script>
(function () {
'use strict';
var CANONICAL = 'libbitcoin.info';
var host = location.hostname.toLowerCase();
var local = location.protocol === 'file:' || host === 'localhost' ||
host === '127.0.0.1';
var trusted = local || host === CANONICAL || host === 'libbitcoin.github.io';
var framed = false;
try { framed = window.top !== window.self; } catch (_) { framed = true; }
if (trusted && !(framed && !local)) return;
// Wrong host (squatter proxy) or framed: navigate to the canonical site.
var url = 'https://' + CANONICAL + location.pathname + location.search;
try { window.top.location.replace(url); } catch (_) {}
try { location.replace(url); } catch (_) {}
// Navigation blocked: replace the page with a warning.
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
document.body.innerHTML =
'<div style="max-width:36em;margin:15vh auto;padding:0 24px;' +
'font:16px/1.6 system-ui;color:#ededed">' +
'<h1 style="color:#ff2357;font-size:22px">Warning: unofficial mirror</h1>' +
'<p>This page is being served from a domain not controlled by the ' +
'libbitcoin project. Do not trust content, links, or downloads here.</p>' +
'<p>The official site is <a style="color:#ffa022" ' +
'href="' + url + '">https://libbitcoin.info</a>.</p></div>';
});
})();
</script>
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="libbitcoin">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://libbitcoin.info/node-performance.html">
<meta property="og:title" content="Libbitcoin Node Performance">
<meta property="og:description" content="Performance measurements of libbitcoin-server across machines and configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, libsecp256k1, or UltrafastSecp256k1 comparisons.">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://libbitcoin.info/card.png">
<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://libbitcoin.info/card.png">
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="2400">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1260">
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Libbitcoin is Coming — a Bitcoin full node and query server speaking Electrum, bitcoind, btcd, ZeroMQ, Stratum and the peer protocol.">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Libbitcoin Node Performance">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Performance measurements of libbitcoin-server across machines and configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, libsecp256k1, or UltrafastSecp256k1 comparisons.">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://libbitcoin.info/card.png">
<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Libbitcoin is Coming — a Bitcoin full node and query server.">
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<div class="wrap">
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<a href="./" aria-label="libbitcoin.info">
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<div class="eyebrow">Bitcoin full node and query server</div>
<h1>Node Performance</h1>
<nav class="menu site">
<a href="index.html">Home</a>
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<a href="interface-performance.html">Interface performance</a>
<a href="node-performance.html" class="here">Node performance</a>
<a href="architecture/index.html">Node architecture</a>
<a href="database/index.html">Database architecture</a>
<a href="slack/index.html">Slack</a>
<a href="team.html">Team</a>
</nav>
<p class="lede">
Performance measurements of <strong>libbitcoin-server</strong> across machines and
configurations, some with Bitcoin Core, libsecp256k1, or UltrafastSecp256k1 comparisons.
</p>
</header>
<nav class="menu">
<a href="#milestone">Milestone</a>
<a href="#full-validation">Full validation</a>
<a href="#mainnet-and-testnets">Mainnet and testnets</a>
<a href="#hashing">Hashing</a>
<a href="#cryptography">Cryptography</a>
<a href="#batching">Batching</a>
<a href="#scanning">Scanning</a>
<a href="#store-size">Store size</a>
<a href="#installation-size">Installation size</a>
<a href="#analysis">Analysis</a>
<a href="#hardware-acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a>
<a href="#constant-time-performance-considerations">Constant time performance considerations</a>
</nav>
<section>
<h2 id="milestone">Milestone</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/shelly-milestone.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Threadripper PRO: comparative milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/shelly-milestone.png" alt="Threadripper PRO: comparative milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/shelly-milestone-bs.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Threadripper PRO: milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/shelly-milestone-bs.png" alt="Threadripper PRO: milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/jennings-milestone.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Raspberry Pi5: comparative milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/jennings-milestone.png" alt="Raspberry Pi5: comparative milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/jennings-milestone-bs.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Raspberry Pi5: milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/jennings-milestone-bs.png" alt="Raspberry Pi5: milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/minram-milestone-bs.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Minimum RAM: all OS pruned milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/minram-milestone-bs.png" alt="Minimum RAM: all OS pruned milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/minram-milestone-unpruned-bs.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Minimum RAM: all OS unpruned milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/minram-milestone-unpruned-bs.png" alt="Minimum RAM: all OS unpruned milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="full-validation">Full validation</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/shelly-reindex.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Threadripper PRO: comparative validation</h3>
<img src="performance/shelly-reindex.png" alt="Threadripper PRO: comparative validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/shelly-validate-bs.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Threadripper PRO: validation</h3>
<img src="performance/shelly-validate-bs.png" alt="Threadripper PRO: validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/jennings-validate.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Raspberry Pi5: comparative validation</h3>
<img src="performance/jennings-validate.png" alt="Raspberry Pi5: comparative validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/jennings-lb-vs-core.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Raspberry Pi5: Bitcoin Core v32 vs. v31</h3>
<img src="performance/jennings-lb-vs-core.png" alt="Raspberry Pi5: Bitcoin Core v32 vs. v31" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/minram-validate-bs.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Minimum RAM: all OS validation</h3>
<img src="performance/minram-validate-bs.png" alt="Minimum RAM: all OS validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/nm-lopp.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Lopp benchmark: comparative validation</h3>
<img src="performance/nm-lopp.png" alt="Lopp benchmark: comparative validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="mainnet-and-testnets">Mainnet and testnets</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/sync-mainnet-milestone.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Mainnet: milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/sync-mainnet-milestone.png" alt="Mainnet: milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/sync-mainnet-validation.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Mainnet: full validation</h3>
<img src="performance/sync-mainnet-validation.png" alt="Mainnet: full validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/sync-testnet3-milestone.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Testnet3: milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/sync-testnet3-milestone.png" alt="Testnet3: milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/sync-testnet3-validation.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Testnet3: full validation</h3>
<img src="performance/sync-testnet3-validation.png" alt="Testnet3: full validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/sync-testnet4-milestone.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Testnet4: milestone</h3>
<img src="performance/sync-testnet4-milestone.png" alt="Testnet4: milestone" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/sync-testnet4-validation.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Testnet4: full validation</h3>
<img src="performance/sync-testnet4-validation.png" alt="Testnet4: full validation" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="hashing">Hashing</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-sha-neidermeyer.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>SHA family: comparative, Ryzen 7 7735HS</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-sha-neidermeyer.png" alt="SHA family: comparative, Ryzen 7 7735HS" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-sha-stork.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>SHA family: comparative, Ryzen 7 7840HS</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-sha-stork.png" alt="SHA family: comparative, Ryzen 7 7840HS" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-sha-bigmac.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>SHA family: comparative, Xeon W-3245</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-sha-bigmac.png" alt="SHA family: comparative, Xeon W-3245" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="cryptography">Cryptography</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-secp-lanes.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Signature verification: scalar</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-secp-lanes.png" alt="Signature verification: scalar" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-chacha-vs-core.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>P2P encryption (BIP-324): comparative</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-chacha-vs-core.png" alt="P2P encryption (BIP-324): comparative" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-tls.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>TLS encryption</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-tls.png" alt="TLS encryption" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="batching">Batching</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/crypto-secp-batch.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Signature verification: CPU and GPU batch</h3>
<img src="performance/crypto-secp-batch.png" alt="Signature verification: CPU and GPU batch" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/scan-silent-batch.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Silent payment indexing: GPU</h3>
<img src="performance/scan-silent-batch.png" alt="Silent payment indexing: GPU" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="scanning">Scanning</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/scan-silent.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Silent payment scanning: CPU vs. GPU (log scale)</h3>
<img src="performance/scan-silent.png" alt="Silent payment scanning: CPU vs. GPU (log scale)" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/scan-compact.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Compact block scanning: CPU vs. GPU (log scale)</h3>
<img src="performance/scan-compact.png" alt="Compact block scanning: CPU vs. GPU (log scale)" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/scan-compact-core.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Compact block scanning: comparative (linear scale)</h3>
<img src="performance/scan-compact-core.png" alt="Compact block scanning: comparative (linear scale)" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="store-size">Store size</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/store-sizes.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Comparative store size as a function of indexing</h3>
<img src="performance/store-sizes.png" alt="Comparative store size as a function of indexing" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/index-sizes.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Comparative incremental index size</h3>
<img src="performance/index-sizes.png" alt="Comparative incremental index size" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="installation-size">Installation size</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/install-sizes.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Size required to run node, by platform</h3>
<img src="performance/install-sizes.png" alt="Size required to run node, by platform" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/install-makeup.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Makeup of the size required to run node</h3>
<img src="performance/install-makeup.png" alt="Makeup of the size required to run node" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
<h2 id="analysis">Analysis</h2>
<div class="gallery">
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/machines-950k.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Eight machines to block 950,000</h3>
<img src="performance/machines-950k.png" alt="Eight machines to block 950,000" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/machines-power-memory.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Eight machines: CPU power and RAM</h3>
<img src="performance/machines-power-memory.png" alt="Eight machines: CPU power and RAM" loading="lazy">
</figure>
<figure class="shot" data-full="performance/boundedness-950k.png" tabindex="0">
<h3>Boundedness by resource</h3>
<img src="performance/boundedness-950k.png" alt="Boundedness by resource" loading="lazy">
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="hardware-acceleration">Hardware acceleration</h2>
<h3 class="subhead">Intel (x86, x64)</h3>
<div class="scroller"><table class="fit">
<thead><tr><th style="width:24%">Acceleration</th><th style="width:20%">Algorithm</th><th style="width:28%">Applied to</th><th>Method</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="m">SSE4.1, AVX2, AVX-512</td><td>SHA-256</td><td class="no">block and transaction hashing, merkle roots</td><td class="no">4, 8 or 16 messages per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SSE4.1, AVX2, AVX-512</td><td>SHA-512</td><td class="no">SHA-512 hashing</td><td class="no">2, 4 or 8 messages per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SSE4.1, AVX2, AVX-512</td><td>ChaCha20</td><td class="no">P2P encryption (BIP-324), TLS</td><td class="no">4, 8 or 16 keystream blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SSE4.1, AVX2, AVX-512</td><td>Poly1305</td><td class="no">P2P encryption (BIP-324), TLS</td><td class="no">2, 4 or 8 blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SSE4.1, AVX2, AVX-512</td><td>SipHash</td><td class="no">compact block short ids</td><td class="no">2, 4 or 8 transactions per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SSE4.1, AVX2, AVX-512</td><td>AES (bitsliced)</td><td class="no">TLS AES-GCM without AES-NI</td><td class="no">8, 16 or 32 counter blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SHA-NI</td><td>SHA-256, SHA-1</td><td class="no">block and transaction hashing, merkle roots</td><td class="no">native, with two-message interleaved double hash</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SHA512</td><td>SHA-512</td><td class="no">SHA-512 hashing</td><td class="no">native</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">AES-NI, PCLMULQDQ</td><td>AES-GCM</td><td class="no">TLS</td><td class="no">native, 4 counter blocks interleaved, carry-less GHASH</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">VAES, VPCLMULQDQ</td><td>AES-GCM</td><td class="no">TLS</td><td class="no">8 or 16 counter blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">AVX-IFMA, AVX-512 IFMA</td><td>secp256k1</td><td class="no">batch ECDSA and Schnorr verification, silent payment indexing and scanning</td><td class="no">4 or 8 field multiplies per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">CUDA</td><td>secp256k1</td><td class="no">batch ECDSA and Schnorr verification, silent payment indexing and scanning</td><td class="no">one signature or output per GPU thread</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<h3 class="subhead">ARM (ARM64)</h3>
<div class="scroller"><table class="fit">
<thead><tr><th style="width:24%">Acceleration</th><th style="width:20%">Algorithm</th><th style="width:28%">Applied to</th><th>Method</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="m">NEON</td><td>SHA-256</td><td class="no">block and transaction hashing, merkle roots</td><td class="no">4 messages per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">NEON</td><td>SHA-512</td><td class="no">SHA-512 hashing</td><td class="no">2 messages per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">NEON</td><td>ChaCha20</td><td class="no">P2P encryption (BIP-324), TLS</td><td class="no">4 keystream blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">NEON</td><td>Poly1305</td><td class="no">P2P encryption (BIP-324), TLS</td><td class="no">2 blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">NEON</td><td>SipHash</td><td class="no">compact block short ids</td><td class="no">2 transactions per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">NEON</td><td>AES (bitsliced)</td><td class="no">TLS AES-GCM without AES</td><td class="no">8 counter blocks per vector</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SHA2</td><td>SHA-256, SHA-1</td><td class="no">block and transaction hashing, merkle roots</td><td class="no">native</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">SHA3</td><td>SHA-512</td><td class="no">SHA-512 hashing</td><td class="no">native</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">AES, PMULL</td><td>AES-GCM</td><td class="no">TLS</td><td class="no">native, carry-less GHASH</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">CUDA</td><td>secp256k1</td><td class="no">batch ECDSA and Schnorr verification, silent payment indexing and scanning</td><td class="no">one signature or output per GPU thread</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<p class="lede">All are supported on all operating systems and compilers, except CUDA on macOS. CPU intrinsics are selected at build time. CUDA is selected at runtime when an NVIDIA driver is present, otherwise batches run on the CPU.</p>
<h3 class="subhead">Hardware report</h3>
<div class="terms">
<figure class="term"><figcaption>Threadripper PRO 9985WX, RTX PRO 6000</figcaption><pre>bs --hardware
Hardware configuration (x64)...
aesni....... platform:1 compiled:1.
vaes........ platform:1 compiled:1.
shani....... platform:1 compiled:1.
sha512...... platform:0 compiled:0.
sse41....... platform:1 compiled:1.
avx2........ platform:1 compiled:1.
avx512...... platform:1 compiled:1.
avxifma..... platform:0 compiled:0.
avx512ifma.. platform:1 compiled:1.
cuda........ platform:1 compiled:1.
cuda ecc.... platform:1 enabled:0.</pre></figure>
<figure class="term"><figcaption>Raspberry Pi 5</figcaption><pre>bs --hardware
Hardware configuration (arm64)...
aes......... platform:1 compiled:1.
sha......... platform:1 compiled:1.
sha3........ platform:0 compiled:0.
neon........ platform:1 compiled:1.
cuda........ platform:0 compiled:1.
cuda ecc.... platform:0 enabled:0.</pre></figure>
</div>
<p class="lede after">Platform is what the processor or GPU supports, compiled is what the build includes. A feature with platform 1 and compiled 0 is available but unused, and is enabled by building with its option. CUDA ECC reports whether the GPU has error correcting memory enabled, which is required for strict equivalence of GPU and CPU signature verification. It is enabled by the GPU owner.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 id="constant-time-performance-considerations">Constant time performance considerations</h2>
<h3 class="subhead">Bitcoin</h3>
<div class="scroller"><table class="fit">
<thead><tr><th style="width:16%">Use</th><th style="width:14%">Secret</th><th style="width:20%">Operation</th><th style="width:26%">Constant time</th><th style="width:24%">Faster alternative avoided</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="m">BIP-324</td><td class="no">ephemeral secp256k1 key</td><td>key generation</td><td class="no">yes, blinded, full table reads, masked additions</td><td class="no">unblinded multiply, direct table lookups</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>ECDH</td><td class="no">yes, blinded, fixed exponent inversion</td><td class="no">variable time multiply and inversion</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>HKDF-SHA-256, FSChaCha20-Poly1305</td><td class="no">yes, by construction</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">Silent payment scanning</td><td class="no">client scan key</td><td>scan key multiply, CPU</td><td class="no">yes, constant time in the key</td><td class="no">variable time windowed multiply</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>scan key multiply, GPU</td><td class="no">no, variable time (omit CUDA to opt out)</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<h3 class="subhead">General</h3>
<div class="scroller"><table class="fit">
<thead><tr><th style="width:16%">Use</th><th style="width:14%">Secret</th><th style="width:20%">Operation</th><th style="width:26%">Constant time</th><th style="width:24%">Faster alternative avoided</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="m">ZeroMQ CurveZMQ</td><td class="no">Curve25519 keys</td><td>X25519</td><td class="no">yes, conditional swap ladder, fixed exponent inversion</td><td class="no">variable time inversion</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>XSalsa20-Poly1305</td><td class="no">yes, by construction</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">TLS record layer</td><td class="no">session keys</td><td>AES-GCM, hardware</td><td class="no">yes</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>AES-GCM, no AES instructions</td><td class="no">yes, bitsliced AES and portable GHASH</td><td class="no">table lookups</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>ChaCha20-Poly1305</td><td class="no">yes, by construction</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">TLS key exchange</td><td class="no">ephemeral private key</td><td>X25519</td><td class="no">yes, conditional swap ladder, fixed exponent inversion</td><td class="no">variable time inversion</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m"></td><td class="no"></td><td>ECDHE P-256, P-384</td><td class="no">yes, full table reads</td><td class="no">variable time windowed multiply</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">TLS key schedule</td><td class="no">shared and traffic secrets</td><td>HKDF with HMAC-SHA-256/384</td><td class="no">yes, by construction</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">TLS server signature</td><td class="no">certificate private key</td><td>ECDSA P-256, P-384, RFC 6979 nonce</td><td class="no">yes, full table reads</td><td class="no">variable time windowed multiply</td></tr>
<tr><td class="m">HTTP basic auth</td><td class="no">configured password</td><td>SHA-256 of the header, digest comparison</td><td class="no">no, early exit reveals only the hash</td><td class="no"></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<p class="lede after">GPU silent payment scanning is left variable time, as it is a server scenario in which the scan key is already disclosed to the server. Authentication tag and TLS Finished comparisons are constant time. Operations on public values, including block and transaction signature verification, TLS client certificate verification, and ElligatorSwift decoding, use the faster variable time paths.</p>
</section>
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